Astronomy is the oldest of sciences. Man has always sought to know the space. Now it has become more accessible thanks to modern technically equipped stations and other special devices. Astronomy Observatory is a facility designed for the systematic observation of celestial bodies, usually built on high terrain, which opens to a large horizon in all directions. Each observatory is equipped with telescopes, both optical and working in other regions of the spectrum. Since the necessity of astronomical observations for the separation of time and for agricultural work was created in the earliest times of origin of human culture, the beginning of the device observatories are lost in antiquity. Personal staff of former observatories was priests and ministers of religion. The main tools were ancient observatories: the gnomon for systematic observations of meridian altitudes of the sun, sundial and clepsydra for measuring time, and without the aid of tools watched the moon and its phases, the planets, the moments of sunrise and sunset, the stars, their passage across the meridian, the solar and lunar eclipses and other space phenomena. The first observatory in the modern sense of the word was a famous museum in Alexandria, arranged by Ptolemy II Philadelphus. A number of astronomers as Aristill, Timoharis, Hipparchus, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, Geminus, Ptolemy and others have raised this institution to unprecedented heights. It first began to use instruments with divided communities. Aristarchus found on the portico of the museum copper disk in the equatorial plane and use it to observe directly the time of passage of the sun through the points of the equinoxes. Hipparchus invented the astrolabe with two mutually perpendicular circles and diopters for observation. Ptolemy introduced the quadrants and installs them with a plumb. Oso have a series of satellites from space-based observatories. The satellites carry a large amount of photometric measurements and research in the ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy, which was first carried out high-quality set of observations of astrophysical objects in the ultraviolet wavelength range.